Homework CH. 8 & CH.9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework CH. 8 & CH.9 - Assignment Example This practice was originally practiced by all Muslims when at war or on a long journey to avoid illicit sex. However, it was found to disenfranchise the women and the children born out of the marriage after the man had left even if he paid all the dowry and penalties of divorce. This is a big deal in Islam because inheritance rights have the capacity to influence ones fate in the now and in the hereafter. The other modern problem between the Shiites and the Sunnis is the practice of medical interventions, which are considered unlawful such as abortion and family planning including newer forms of treating sterility. The Shiites have democratic privileges of choosing a spiritual leader called an ayatollah that has the power to make edicts just like in the papal system. There is also lot mysticism in both religions and the elevation of religious martyrs into sainthood. Both religions have a strong dose in terms of its affinity for liberation of its peoples even endorsing violence as the need arises. They also have many sacred objects and shrines to which their faithful pay pilgrimage. They both believe in sacred intercessors among their faithful who had shown exemplary religious fervor. They are all monotheistic religions. They have the Old Testament (Protestantism), the Torah (Judaism) and the Taurat (Islam). They all believe in a hell and a heaven as well as a judgment day. They all believe in a creator God who rules over the universe. They are all eschatological in nature. He was the senior companion and father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad. He was the first to truly believe in the prophet and led two major successful invasions against other caliphates as well as battles in the name of Islam. He was very influential then and now The social power from the Sunnis came from shared practices and strict adherence to religious practices such as

Management Strategy and Decision Making Case Study

Management Strategy and Decision Making - Case Study Example The decline in consumption of manufactured products is the biggest reason. Paper is being replaced by electronic impressions. The majority of tasks performed in schools and offices have shifted towards soft copies instead of solid paper. Moreover, environmentalists have seized this opportunity by promoting electronic formats of books. So people don’t need to cut trees for paper. High Australian dollar, labour rate, and different regulations in other countries have made it hard for Australian manufacturers to keep up with the international competition. The pulp and paper industry is highly competitive. Developing, selecting and retaining organizational routines, is a comprehensive strategy for winning. The key drivers of profitability in the pulp and paper manufacturing industry include environmental, competition, market share, export legislation, environmental laws, recycling laws and export prices. The case states that over the past years Australian exports declined by $128 million due to falling export prices. There will be a very narrow margin for profitability in the future. The pulp and paper industry will face difficult time in the next five years. Increased environmental protection legislation will make it difficult for them to operate profitably. Only environmental hazard is not the only threat, people find it more convenient to have smart phone or tablet in their hand that can store thousands of books and documents, instead of carrying kilograms of paper. Pulp and paper manufacturers of Australia face even harsher challenges as increased competition from around world drives their profits down and captures their market share, while the Australian manufacturers are restricted due to strict legislations. Gunns should only enter this industry if they can ensure significant investment in technology to come up with cleaner and safer operations processes. The company should have a concrete plan (preferably the company

Treating Alcoholism

Treating Alcoholism Introduction Alcoholism is defined as a disease that is persistent, progressive and often fatal. It is not a symptom of other diseases or emotional problems; it is its own disorder. Alcohol affects every part of the body even the brain which will eventually adapt to the alcohol use by becoming dependent on it after prolonged use. Genetics and environment are factors that are influenced by this disease. Drinking can reduce life expectancy by 10-12 years and next to smoking is the second most common preventable cause of death in America. The earlier a person starts drinking, the greater their chance is of developing serious illness later on. Once dependant on alcohol, its very difficult to quit. The cause of alcoholism is unknown. Just drinking gradually and consistently over time can produce alcohol dependence and cause withdrawal symptoms during periods of abstinence, but this is not the only cause of alcoholism. To develop alcohol dependence several other factors typically come into play, like genetics, culture and psychology. The signs of alcoholism or a dependence on alcohol vary from person to person and depend on how much the person drinks or how the person drinks. The definition of alcohol use and abuse ranges from moderate drinking, which is defined as equal to or less then two drinks a day for men and equal to or less then one drink a day for women. Hazardous or heavy drinking would be defined as more then 14 drinks per week or 4-5 drinks at one sitting for men or more then 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks in one setting for women or frequent intoxication in either gender. Harmful drinking is when alcohol consumption has actually caused physical or psychological harm or alcohol consumption has persisted for at least a month or has occurred consistently for a year. Alcohol abuse is used when the person either cant fulfill work or personal obligations and/or has recurrent problems with the law. Alcohol dependence is used for people that three or more alcohol related problems in a period of one year that in cludes increased amount of alcohol needed to produce an effect earlier obtained with less alcohol, experiences withdrawal symptoms or drinks to avoid withdrawal symptoms, drinks more then intended, unsuccessfully attempting to cut down or quit, gives up hobbies or leisure activities to drink. Summary Emotional and behavior problems such as depression and anxiety put people at a high risk for alcoholism and often are the reason the elderly turn to alcohol. Problem drinking in this case can be a way to self medicate. People may also use alcohol to become less inhibited in public situations that for some may be a source of great anxiety. Those that have impulsive personalities are also at a great risk for developing dependence to alcohol, due to the fact that they have low impulse control. Alcoholism affects every part of the body causing illness, cancer and with long term consumption can even cause death. Frequent, heavy drinking is associated with a higher risk of death to injury, violence and medical disorders, like pancreatitis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, nerve damage and even impotence. As people age it takes few drinks to become intoxicated and organs are damaged by smaller amounts of alcohol then younger people. Those that require surgery also have an increased risk of postoperative complications, including infections, bleeding and decreased heart and lung functions, along with wound healing problems. If withdrawal symptoms are present can inflict further stress on the body and delay healing. Neurological or mental disorders can be caused from binge drinking which can cause memory impairment and problems thinking and concentrating. Nerve damage from severe vitamin deficiencies can impair mental function and memory and cause emotion disorders and even psychosis, like Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, that causes loss of balance, confusion and memory loss and can lead to permanent brain damage and even death. Diagnosing alcoholism can be hard, since nearly always people deny the problem. But for most, denial may be the first warning sign that their drinking is out of hand. There are tests to screen for alcoholism, most are short and allow the person to take them on his or her own time. Because people deny their problem or attempt to hide it, the questions relate to problems associated with drinking, rather then the amount of liquor consumed. The quickest test is the CAGE test and is an acronym for: 1. Attempts to CUT (C) down on drinking. 2. ANNOYANCE (A) with criticisms about drinking. 3. GUILT (G) about drinking. 4. Use of alcohol as an EYE-OPENER (E) in the morning. This test is called a Self Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) and appears to be the most useful in detecting alcoholism in white middle aged males. Alcoholism, hard to detect in elderly women is sometimes diagnosed as depression and prescribed anti-anxiety drugs that can have dangerous effects when mixed with al cohol conclusion Treatments for alcoholism vary, but the overall goal in treatment is total abstinence, since those that abstain have better success rates then those that dont. Treatment should also, include replacing addictive patterns with satisfying, time filling, behaviors which are able to fill the void in daily activities when drinking has stopped. Because alcoholism is so difficult to treat, most doctors will choose to treat alcoholism as a chronic disease that include relapses and remission periods. Inpatient and outpatient treatments are available to those that would benefit most from these types of treatments. Those with co-existing medical or mental disorders or those that might harm themselves have greater success with inpatient treatments at a psychiatric hospital or alcohol center. Outpatient treatments work best with people that have a good support system and are able to take medications for mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms. Psychotherapy treatments focus on Psychotherapeutic approaches and include cognitive-behavior therapy is used for severe alcoholism and gives people the opportunity to learn to cope and control their behavior, by changing the way they think about drinking and Interactional group psychotherapy that includes group based therapy like Alcoholics Anonymous or AA, 12-step program. Alcoholism is a very real and serious disease that requires medical treatment and those suffering will require lifelong care and support.

The Story of the Water :: Water Vapor

Water vapor is the most important gaseous source of infrared opacity in the atmosphere, it accounts for about 60% of the natural greenhouse effect for the clear skies [1], and provides the largest positive feedback in model projections of climate change [2]. Therefore, water vapor variability is an important issue in the discussion of global climate change [3] and in particular the variability of stratospheric water vapor has important radiative and chemical consequences that impact the global surface climate change [4]. An increase of roughly 1% per year in stratospheric water vapor content has been observed during the last half of the 20th century [5, 6], with a more convincingly documented increase during the 1980s and most of the 1990s than earlier. However, an updated trend analysis [7] of water vapor in the lower mid-latitude stratosphere from Boulder balloon measurements and from HALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment) [8] spaceborne observations provides trend estimates for the period 1980-2000 that are up to 40% lower than previously reported. Methane oxidation is a major source of water in stratosphere, and has been increasing over the industrial period, however, the observed trend in stratospheric water vapor during the last half of the 20th century is too large to be attributed to methane oxidation alone [5, 9]. The temperatures near the tropical tropopause should control the stratospheric water vapor content according to the equilibrium thermodynamics, importing more water vapor into the stratosphere when temperatures are warmer. However, tropical tropopause temperatures have cooled slightly over the period of the stratospheric water vapor increase [10, 11]. Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the increase of the stratospheric water vapor occurred in the second half of 20th century, but so far the driving causes of this increase are unknown. The upward trend of stratospheric water vapor decreased in the last half of the 1990s with a near-zero trend between 1996 and 2000 [12, 13]. Furthermore, at the end of 2000 there was a dramatic drop of about 10% of stratospheric water vapor [13]. The trend analysis reported in [14] extends until spring 2008 and it shows that a minimum was approximately reached between 2004 and 2006 and an increase is observed afterwards. The drop in stratospheric water vapor that occurred at the end of 2000 is thought to have slowed the rate of increase in global surface temperature over 2000-2009 by about 25% compared to that which would have occurred due only to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases [4]. On the other hand the increase in stratospheric water vapor occurred between 1980 and 2000 would have enhanced the decadal rate of surface warming during the 1990s by about

Is Western Management Concept Applicable Worldwide

Are western management concepts (like HRD) applicable worldwide? A lot of famous people from different part of the world invented many management concepts around the world. However, each management concept contains different perspective, different culture, and different way of living. For example, human resource development concept was invented in USA as an attempt to balance humanistic and economic goals in the practice of business organizations. Due to the fact that, human is being perceived as resource in US culture and can be replaceable.However, in other part of the world such as Asia, which had different culture and value from the US, will never perceived people as resource. Thus, the Western management concept will not applicable worldwide due to the differences in culture and value in each country. Cultural differences arise from people value thing differently in each society. According to the article, the applicability of McGregor’s theories in South East Asia by Geer t Hofstede. There are four dominant value patterns among countries around the world.Firstly, individualism versus collectivism. Individualists are loosely tied together and suppose to take care of their own self-interest. Collectivists are tied together as a group and will look after the interest of the in-group. Secondly, large power distance versus small power distance. Large power distance society values the hierarchy of inequality as fundamental principle on which all relations are based. Small power distance society treats inequality as basically undesirable and tries to reduce it where it arises.Thirdly, strong uncertainty avoidance versus weak uncertainty avoidance. Strong uncertainty avoidance society teaches people to try to beat the future, which create higher level of anxiety in people. Weak uncertainty avoidance society teaches their people to accept this uncertainty and not to become upset by it. Lastly, Masculinity versus femininity. In masculinity society, men are sup posed to dominate, to deal with things and money rather than people, to be rational and unconcerned with beauty, to be assertive and competitive.In femininity society, men are also expected to serve and not only to dominate, to be concerned about people next to money and things, to be intuitive, and interested in beauty. Despite the fact that there are so many different value among countries, created the differences in culture and how people behave. According to the studied, South East Asia countries are more likely to be on Collectivist and Large Power Distance side. USA and the Netherlands both are more likely to be on the Individualism and Smaller Power Distance side.While, on the dimension of Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity, each country score differently and does not cluster together in the same continent. Thus, the management concepts like human resource development, that was invented in USA, which has the characteristic of Individualism, Small Power Distance, Weak Uncer tainty Avoidance, and Masculinity society, will not applicable in other country that has different characteristic such as Thailand for example.Thailand is a country in South East Asia with the characteristic of Collectivism, Large Power Distance, Average Uncertainty Avoidance, and more Femininity. The Western Management concept like human resource development with the belief of considering people as resource, that can be replaceable and the individuals is held responsible for his or her own development will not fit in the Thai culture. In Thai culture, people will not be consider as resource but rather will be place in some type of relationship once they entered into the group such as brother, sister, uncle, aunt, niece, or nephew.The relationship is being placed in order to show the status of that person whether he or she is younger or older because in Thai culture younger people have to respect the elders. Moreover, in Thai culture younger people have to obey the elders as they be lieve that older people has more experience in life. Thus, in Thai society, it is not very common that young people will become the head of the department or become the minister in the cabinet, even though you graduated from the best university in the world and very specialized in the field.In addition to that, Thailand is also a collectivism society and people would like to avoid the uncertainty. So, Thai people are very loyalty to their job and the company, they work for. Some people even work at the same place for the whole life and sometimes they even send their children to work as the same company as well. So, with this type of loyalty it makes the relationship between employer and employees become much more strengthen together as a whole family. This is the reason why Thai society is more of uncertainty avoidance and more feminine than the Western country.In the consequences of the different in value and culture the management concepts that invented from the Western perspectiv e will not applicable worldwide especially in the country that has totally different value and culture. However, with the differences in culture and value in different country does not mean that we have to invent special management concept for each country but rather to adapt the concept in the local way with respect to continuity of old values and local traditions.

Against abortion essay

Against abortion * Every child is a precious and unique gift from God. We have no right to destroy this * Defenceless baby needs special protection since it cannot stand up for its own rights * The embryo is human from conception with its own DNA. Left alone, it will develop into a person * Children with physical or learning disabilities can lead full and rewarding lives. Aborting people because of disability is like telling disabled people that they are worthless * Abortion is murder – the deliberate taking of a human life * Doctors and nurses promised to save life, not destroy it.Abortion breaks the Hippocratic Oath * The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child says that children need protection both before and after birth * Unwanted babies could be adopted. Many childless couples are desperate to adopt * You are killing a human being. She/he may be unborn, but they are still a life and deserve to live that life, whether it is an inconvenience to you or not. * I f you are going to have an abortion and are already planning on keeping it a secret, that shows right there that you would feel bad if people knew you had done this deed.You will feel guilt and just like if you were to kill another person and no one found out, you yourself would know and feel guilt and shame about it. It would tear you apart * What if you were raped and got pregnant? That new life still should be able to live their life. It may be lived through adoption or in a different home, but even though you were wronged, you have no right to kill another person because of this wrong done to you. * My argument is always that there are so many couples that cannot have babies and are broken hearted because of it.So instead of aborting your baby give it up for adoption and to a loving family. It’s not fair to those people who all they want is a baby and then there are all these girls throwing away babies like they are nothing. * If you think you’re responsible enough to have sex and you do, and don’t use protection, then take care of your responsibility, don’t take the easy way out and kill your baby. Plain and simple! * Why would you kill a baby that God has gifted you with?A baby is a beautiful blessing it is a gift of life that you can raise teaches and be there for. Some people don't get that chance. * People use abortions as a quick fix rather than use contraception * Abortions r wrong because people can get rid of a perfectly healthy baby at between 18 and 22 wks at which age a baby can survive * Abortions can leave the person feeling guilty and sometimes even suicidal * If u don't want children use protections rather than killing a baby that has done nothing wrong and has not asked to be conceived.People also use it to get rid of perfectly healthy babies like if a baby has a cleft lip and pallet some people would rather get rid of the baby than deal with a baby that has to have operation. * Abortion is murder. You can alway s put the child up for adoption, but you can never take back that you killed your child you must have some love in your heart not to be a murder. * Why should an innocent new life be punished for someone else's wrong actions? * It's evil! You're killing a life inside you We shouldn’t be able to kill a baby because we can’t take care of it†¦. that’s why we have adoption agencies. * We wouldn’t have liked to be aborted. * Though they are babies they are human and have rights and choices. It’s only fair not to abort them! * Abortion is murder * Abortion puts an innocent child in excruciating pain and then they die. (Just look at pictures of abortion procedures and what the babies look like. They can feel pain. ) * Women die from it * Women become suicidal from it * Women have severe emotional and mental isorder from * It has become a form of birth control for a lot of women who simply don’t want to take birth control, or haven't figured ou t what a damn condom is! * People need to start taking responsibility for their actions (Don't have sex if you can't deal with, or are not financially or emotionally stable for the consequences!!! ) * I don't agree with abortions used for defects in the foetus (Down syndrome ect. ) That is just horrible to take a child's life because it isn't perfect, or will require more attention, boo effing hoo!!You take that risk also by getting pregnant; you have to keep your mind open for things like this!! * Cases I personally would agree with abortion on: If a woman gets raped and gets pregnant (obviously not her decision to lay down and have sex, and obviously not her fault for conception) * Children under 16 who’s parents choose for them to have an abortion because the â€Å"child†, (though they know perfectly well the difference between right and wrong, as well as what condoms and birth control are at this point), is most likely going to leave the baby for their parents to r aise.Thus, since it isn't the parent’s choice to have the baby, then I don't think the child should have it. (Although adoption again would be the right route to go with this) I would also beat the living HELL out of the â€Å"child† and lock them in a room somewhere (personal opinion) * It’s immoral, it’s basically murder!!! What did the baby do to deserve to die!!!!!

Assumptions that patients have the right to die Essays

Assumptions that patients have the right to die Essays Assumptions that patients have the right to die Essay Assumptions that patients have the right to die Essay Assumptions that patients have the right to die Name: Course: Lecturer: Institution: Date: Assumptions that patients have the right to die A good real life situation is that of Christine Busalacchi and Nancy Cruzan. In the case of Christine Busalacchi, she was involved in a car accident on May 29, 1987 where he was left in a persistent vegetable case. In the other situation of Cruzan, she was also involved in an accident where she was left in a persistent vegetable case. The two scenarios are similar, only that Cruzan preferred to die rather than stay a vegetable while Busalacchi did not indicate to anyone. According to the American law, a mentally sound person has the right to refuse medical attention even if this will lead to death. This includes all artificial treatment methods to support the life of a person. However, the difficult part arises when the patient does not have the ability to communicate his or her own decision like the case of Busalacchi. The dilemma arises as to who is supposed to make the decision and how the decision is made. In the case of Busalacchi, the parents have the right to represent the patient but they do not have the obligation to make the decision. On the other hand, Cruzan’s parents had the right to make the decision because there was proof to indicate that she preferred death than living as a vegetable. Therefore, the law states that the patient has the right to die. The decision is only vested on the patient. However, if the patient is in a vegetable state, the guardian must proof that the patient would have preferred to exercise his or her rig ht in such a situation (Porter, Johnson Warren, 2005). Health care professionals do not have a right to give considerations in their course of caring for terminal patients. Additionally, the health care professionals do not have obligation of providing a futile treatment to the patient. This is because according to the laws of the health care professionals like doctors, the main priority is to ensure that the patients are kept alive at all the times. Doctors are obliged to save the lives of people not to facilitate death. This is also applicable to other health care professionals. They are all obliged to save the lives of the patients. For instance, in the two situations, they should not consider their rights to die instead they should consider saving her life (Friend, 2011). Therefore, health care professionals do not have the right or the obligation to consider patients rights to die. According to the law, family members of a patient to do not have the right or obligation on patient’s right to die. This is because nobody has the power over another person’s life. For this reason, the government does not allow anybody to make decisions for another person involving death. In the case of Busalaccho, the court had a difficult time to make a ruling because the parents do not have the right to make the decision (Shah Williams, 2003). However, on the case of Cruzan, the court gave the ruling in favor of the parents not because the parents made the decision but because there was prove implying that the patient did not wish to be kept in a vegetable state. It is argued that, there is no evidence proving that Schiavo wanted to die if she was of sound mind in such a situation. Therefore, they should keep her on medical treatment until she dies for natural causes. Caring and curing for the patient are the most confusing words in the medical treatment of a patient. In the perspective of the medical professionals, their main aim is to offer treatment to the patient as they exercise due care. In this situation, they do not have the right to facilitate death just because they care for somebody who is in pain. On the side of the family, there priority is to care for their patients (Porter, Johnson Warren, 2005). Therefore, they often feel that it is better to honor patient’s right to die if there is not treatment and he or she is in a lot of pain. However, considering all other factors, curing should be the number one priority. Ethical principles in relation to patient’s right to die are a great dilemma to the medical profession. In most cases, ethical principles are affected by moral distress. The patient and the guardian they know the moral judgment but they do not have the right to act (Rushton et.al 2012). According to the ethical principles, patients should be allowed to make those decisions that affect their lives. This is based on the respect to anatomy. On the other hand, based on justice, ethical decisions should be made in consideration of those people who are affected by the decisions. Therefore, in the two instances, decision should consider other parties involved and the patient’s life (Rainbow, 2002). References Friend, M., L. (2011). Physician-Assisted Suicide: Death With Dignity? Journal of Nursing Law. 14 (3-4) Porter, T., Johnson, P. Warren, N., A. (2005). Bioethical Issues Concerning Death. Critical Care Nursing. 28 (1), 85-92. Rainbow, C. (2002). Description of Ethical Theories and Principles. Davidson College. Retrieved from: bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories.htm Rushton, C., H. et.al (2012). The 4A’s to Rise Above Moral Distress. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. S. Shah Williams, M., L. (2003). End-of-Life Decision making – Have we got it Right? European Journal of Cancer Care. 12, 212-214.